is algeria allies with russia

[30] Cyprus is considering Algeria as a potential partner to assist with extracting untapped oil and gas from the island's exclusive economic zone. Uruguay is accredited to Algeria from its embassy in Paris, France. Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 June 1992. All texts published by the Warsaw Institute Foundation may be disseminated on the condition that their origin is credited. Beyond the vast opportunity manifest in African markets, we highlight people who make a difference; leaders turning the tide, youth driving change, and an indefatigable business community. [7], Both countries established diplomatic relations on September 20, 1976.[8]. 5. Hence, guerrilla hero Ernesto Che Guevara visited Algeria twice, from October 1963 to February 1964, and in February 1965, and Cuban President Fidel Castro made a grand official visit to Algeria in 1972. Australia is accredited to Algeria from its embassy in Paris, France. Real allies support one another in time of war and, if China and Russia were military allies, then one would expect Beijing to at least be providing armaments and other assistance. A map shows the course of the Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline from Russia to Germany on the exterior of an informational booth close to the receiving station for Nord Stream 2 on February 02, 2022 near . One of Russia's closest allies denies request for troops Peter Alexander Kazakhstan, one of Russia's closest allies and a southern neighbor, is denying a request for its troops to join the. Promoting stability: Algeria and Russia can work together to promote stability in the Middle East and North Africa, which is characterized by ongoing conflict and instability. Ethiopia closed its embassy in Algiers in 2021. July 1014, 2006 the President of the Council of Nation PDRA A.Bensalah visited Russia. At present JSC "Stroytransgaz" is completing the renovation and reconstruction project pipeline GK-1 (150km). [2] In 1993, it was estimated that 90% of Algerian army's inventory was of Soviet origin.[3]. 2022/11/13. Anchored in the Algerian market of "Zarubezhvodstroy", the works for the construction of dams, aqueducts and tunnels, and the Algerian company with 100% Russian capital of JSC "Bardell and Company", a wide range of building works. Algeria is among Russia's major partners in Africa in the sphere of military and technical cooperation. Perhaps it was delayed to this coming May, when President Tebboune will to make a state visit to Moscow. However, these global Third World solidarity links went further than Africa: for example, the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam opened a permanent office in Algiers (one of only two that were located in non-communist countries). var m_names = new Array("January", "February", "March", "April", "May", Algeria is accredited to the Holy See from its Permanent Mission to the United Nations in Geneva, Switzerland. Nevertheless, presidential visits, diplomatic ties, and cordial bilateral relations continued with the two superpowers. The purpose of "Torch" was to hem Rommel's forces in between U.S. troops on the west and British troops to the east. Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets. Algeria currently enjoys very strong relations with Russia. 2) Using India as a base, reclaim China, Indochina, and some of the Pacific Islands from . In September 1998, in Moscow to attend the 100th Inter-Parliamentary Conference was Chairman of the Council of Nation (upper house). Furthermore, the main points of Boumediene's address to the United Nations General Assembly in 1974 reparations for colonization and a transfer of resources from North to South were adopted by UN. Signs of a power struggle at the top of Sudan's ruling echelon are growing as the country's supposed transition to a civilian rule remains uncertain. are registered trademarks of Newsmax Media, Inc. Newsmax TV, and Newsmax World are trademarks of Newsmax Media, Inc. Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov, right, meets Algeria's FM Ramtane Lamamra on Feb. 11, 2014. But second, Algeria is going in a very dark and dangerous direction by becoming increasingly aligned with Russia and Iran. Algeria is represented in Maldives via it's embassy in, Maldives is represented in Algeria through a non-resident ambassador based, presumably, in, Algeria is represented in Singapore via it's embassy in, Singapore is represented in Algeria through a non-resident ambassador based in, Algeria is represented in Thailand through its embassy in, Thailand is represented in Algeria by its embassy in. [citation needed] The USSR was the first country in the world to de facto recognize the Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic in October 1960, and then de jure on March 23, 1962, by establishing diplomatic relations with this country (a few months before the official proclamation of its independence). Algeria came to see itself as a full actor in the Cold War and not simply a bystander caught in a crossfire between the Western and Eastern blocks. Algerias relationship with Russia and the Soviet Union date back to before Algerias independence and continues through today, particularly through military and cultural cooperation. | Privacy policy. In April 2008, "Stroytransgas" passed temporary operation Sougueur-Hadjret Ennous length of 273km. Primarily, France wanted to preserve its interests in the oil and gas exploitations in Algeria. Japan established official diplomatic relations with Algeria upon Algerian independence in 1962. Russian aid workers have a long history of work in Algeria, particularly in the health sector, while thousands of Algerian students, some of whom have been elevated to the post of minister, have attended former Soviet universities and institutes. Member State of the Arab League. [2] Hence, in October 1967, Algiers hosted the meeting of the Group of 77, which united 77 developing countries on major revendications: a global reform of the terms of trade and a greater collaboration between Third World countries to set the prices for their raw materials. Return visit of Foreign Minister of Algeria in Moscow on 1214 April 2007 2122 March 2011 Sergey Lavrov paid a working visit to Andre (during his visit to Egypt and Algeria). In May 1964, the countries signed an agreement, under which the USSR agreed to provide technical assistance in the construction of a metallurgical plant in the city of Annaba (another long-term loan of 115 million rubles was granted for these needs). President Tebbounes next Russian visit, against the backdrop of an increased military budget of $23bn for the upcoming year, could lead to the signing of new weapons deals with the Russian Federation. JSC "VO" Technopromexport "continues to repair and maintenance work on the TPP" Jijel ", service and supply of spare parts for the TPP" Annaba. " In early November Algeria submitted an official application to join the emerging-market bloc of BRICS, which groups Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa, a sign of the countrys pro-Russian sympathies. It is difficult to explain this level of dependence., READ MORE Russia using food and energy as weapon against Europe and Africa, says vice-chancellor Habeck. Algeria-US relations were moving in a positive direction not long ago. var d_names = new Array("Sunday", "Monday", "Tuesday", "Wednesday", Algeria is accredited to Georgia from its embassy in Ankara, Turkey. We believe that Africa is poorly represented, and badly under-estimated. This article originally appeared on ALL ARAB NEWS and is reposted with permission. Boumediene took pride in Algeria's non-aligned status, by claiming its distance from both Soviet-style socialism and Western capitalism, while the country enjoyed an increasing prosperity. This dependence dates back to the Soviet Era and also to the early years of President Bouteflika. Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 May 1993. [29], In December 2001, the Algerian firm Sonatrach and Cyprus oil company Medex Petroleum signed an exploration deal covering the north of Bordj Omar Idriss in the Illizi basin in south-eastern Algeria. In 2006, Algeria's 5.7 billion dollar debt was forgiven, and Algeria gave a 7.5 billion dollar arms deal to Russia, the first major African arms deal of Russian Federation. In June 1993, an agreement on the establishment of the Joint m ezhpravitelstvennoy Russian-Algerian commission on trade-economic and scientific-technical cooperation . Belarus' President Alexander Lukashenko, a close ally of Russia, was in China on Tuesday, for a high-profile bilateral meeting that has raised eyebrows in the West. April 27 - May 3, 2010 in Moscow and St. Petersburg were organized Days of Algerian culture in Russia, which was attended by Minister of Culture PDRA H.Tumi. "The Maghrib". According to the Federal Customs Service of Russia, in 2010, bilateral trade amounted to 1337 million. Following its independence in 1962, Algeria developed deep ties with many foreign countries with a heavy presence in the global scene. Such hesitation is improbable. But the bigger question is this: How can Algeria remain one of the most important clients of Russia's military industries while simultaneously positioning itself as southern Europe's most important supplier of natural gas? A group of warships belonging to the Russian fleet docked in the port of Algiers on Tuesday to conduct the 2022 joint naval exercise, the ministry said in a written statement. Tension between Algiers and Rabat is, however, significant for one principal reason: Algeria is becoming a pawn for two disruptive powers, Russia and China. Enter the Soviet Unionold friends, allies, and expert keepers of secrets. A number of Arab countries, including Algeria, Egypt, Iraq, Libya, South Yemen, and Syria, were, for a period of time, Soviet clients and quasi-allies in the Cold War. Pan-Africanism and Pan-Arabism were strengthened during the Boumediene era. See answer (1) Copy. 1819 February 2008,an official visit of the President of Algeria. Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov recently discussed economic issues including gas supply to the E.U. A Japanese embassy was opened in Algiers in 1964, and an Algerian embassy was opened in Tokyo the same year. Diplomatic relations between both countries were established in 1993. Ever since 1960, the FLN camps in Algeria's neighboring countries (Morocco, Tunisia and Mali) had been used to provide training and material help to revolutionary movements. [1] Libyan inclinations for full-scale political union, however, have obstructed formal political collaboration because Algeria has consistently backed away from such cooperation with its unpredictable neighbour. One moment in particular embodies the strength of the Algeria-Russia relationship: in September 1978, then-President Houari Boumdine confided in two of his ministers, Bouteflika and Taleb Ibrahim, that he was suffering from prostate cancer and wished to be treated abroad. Such an identity emphasizes its Arab and Islamic cultural tradition rather than its French colonial past. However, support from the Communist bloc did not halt. Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 November 2001. The Third World coalition could therefore encompass Latin America countries, and even Europe ones like Yugoslavia. Tunisia has an embassy in Algiers, a consulate-general in. March 10, 2006, an official visit of the Russian President in Algeria. Unfortunately, the Biden administration's attempts to persuade Algeria to distance itself from Russia and build closer diplomatic, security and economic ties with the U.S. and the West appear to be falling on deaf ears. In March 2022, U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken visited Algeria. Algeria's interest in the region dates back to the 1960s and 1970s when it joined Morocco, Mauritania & Libya in efforts to remove the Spanish from the territory. with his Algerian counterpart Ramtane Lamamra. When the U.S. and British strategists had decided on " Torch " (Allied landings on the western coast of North Africa) late in July 1942, it remained to settle the practical details of the operation. 2013-12-11 12:20:56. The 2023 finance bill drawn up by the Algerian government in early October provides for a 130 percent increase in the countrys military budget, to $22.6 billion. More than 1 million Algerians resided in France and there were numerous francophones in Algeria, creating a tremendous cultural overlap. Moreover, as the autogestion model proved to be widely inefficient, Algeria started to move towards a more centralized and Soviet-style economy by the end of 1964. Algeria, according to observers, is one of the most important military allies for Moscow in the African continent, as well as one of the top clients of Russian weapons in the region. In Russia and Nigeria public approval of China is over 70% as of 2019, and these are two major examples of China's allies. In the meantime, Algiers can count on Moscows support in their quest to join BRICS, the organisation currently populated by Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. Blinken and others in Washington are also deeply concerned that Algeria is far too close to the terrorist regime in Iran. It is worth mentioning that the North African region increased military . Although Egypt imported only 14 percent of its weapons from the US between 2015-2020 and 31 percent from Russia between 2009-2018, the $1.3bn of US assistance accounts for 34 percent of Egypt's . In the mid 90s, while Israel and north African states slowly started diplomatic relations, Algeria remained one of the last countries to consider such a move. Give yourself a headstart: With the Soviet Union as the final choice, President Boumdine reached Moscow on 29 September and was treated in the areas best clinic for nearly fifty days before returning to Algiers. Londons High Court is lacking central testimonies in the $11bn corruption case opposing the Federal Republic of Nigeria to an offshore company because many witnesses are either unable or unwilling to give evidence. The findings demonstrate a "clear breakdown in the flow of accurate information" to Putin, and . Chairman of the Algerian - Finance Minister K.Dzhudi. What if Moscow demands that Algeria cut off the flow of natural gas to Europe? The war in Ukraine has twice boosted Algeria among the international community, analysed Adlene Mohammedi, Scientific Director of the AESMA Strategic Research Centre and a Russo-Arab geopolitics researcher. Medvedev spoke July 7, 2008 with A.Buteflikoy at the summit of the "Group of Eight" in Toyako. The Biden administration's efforts aren't working. Chairman of the Russian part of the commission - Energy Minister Sergei Shmatko. Moreover, in 1969, Algiers hosted the Pan-African Cultural Festival: this grandiose display of an African identity, forged from the continents common experience of Western imperialism, reunited anticolonial militants from numerous countries of the Third World. Economic and trade cooperation was carried out between the two countries since the 1960s. New Zealand is accredited to Algeria from its embassy in Cairo, Egypt. During the war for independence, the ALN had already benefitted from equipment, training and advice from communist countries: the USSR (though its help was quite timid until the final months of the war), China, Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia. Enemies of Algeria are France, Morocco, United States, Israel, and Saudi Arabia. Algeria has been a strong proponent of the rights of the Palestinian people, calling publicly for an end to violence in the Occupied Palestinian Territories. B. Rabat - Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov confirmed on Wednesday Algeria's rapprochement with Russia, as the latter's war in Ukraine continues approaches the end of its first year. The Soviet Union granted Algeria a long-term loan in the amount of 90 million rubles. First, it is Africa's biggest exporter of natural gas to Europe, which makes it an extremely important country in terms of energy security. That much is evident when the staff behind the till at a quiet Greek restaurant in Rosebank, Johannesburg simultaneously, Nigeria: 10 things on President-elect Tinubus to-do list, Nigeria's election shows a deeply divided country. Indeed, the Algerian foreign policy had been influenced by Frantz Fanons and other radical Third World thinkers urgings to export revolution to other countries suffering from the yoke of imperial oppression. Diplomatic relations between Algeria and Mexico were established on 21 October 1964. However, the country's strategic advantages increased its importance to the eyes of the Western block. Algeria is one of Russia's most important military allies on the African continent and also one of the largest regional customers for its weapons. Moscow and Tehran have too tight a grip on Algeria. document.write(' | ' + d.getHours() + ':' + minutes + ''); ALGIERS - Lieutenant general Said Chengriha, Algeria's army chief of staff, discussed military cooperation and ways to strengthen it with the secretary of the Security Council of the Russian Federation, Nikolai Patrushev, Algerian State television reports. The approximation by the Russian press is that 'Moscow supplied 11 billion dollars in military equipment to Algeria between 1962 and 1989, equal to 70-80 percent of Algeria's inventory' and this deal mainly came about through the use of loans. . Therefore, if the multipolarity of international relations the traditional East versus West bipolarism, but also the intra-communist poles and the development of Third World alternatives had benefitted the non-aligned states such as Algeria, the latter's increasing reliance on the Soviet Union especially since the Sand War against Morocco in 1963 risked jeopardizing the country's independence and its relations with other powers, such as the United States or China. Algeria has friendly relations with other countries in the Maghreb, Tunisia and Libya, and with Sub-Saharan countries Mali and Niger. In early November, Algeria informed that it planned to secure a huge contract with Russia to get arms supplies worth $12-17 billion in the next ten years. Henceforth, the Yugoslavian government sent technical advisers and agricultural material to Algeria. Andrii was present as a guest at the summit of "Eight", in particular, on Sea Island in July 2004, Gleneagles in July 2005 and Heiligendamm in June 2007, which also held a brief meeting with Putin A.Buteflikoy. [1] Tunisia was the first nation to sign the Treaty of Fraternity and Concord with Algeria, in 1983. By the mid-1970s, Algeria was fully engaged in the zenith of the Non-Aligned Movement, wary of imperial powers which looked down upon the Third World. Indeed, once again, Algeria was a point of contact between African rebels and potential supporting countries such as Cuba. That division is one area the president-elect Bola Tinubu promises to address upon assuming, Nigeria: Death, disease and disappearance complicate P&ID trial, Londons High Court is lacking central testimonies in the $11bn corruption case opposing the Federal Republic of Nigeria to an offshore company, Sudans strongmen vie for power amid election uncertainty. In a bold assertion, Mohamed Dagalo - the deputy head of Sudan's ruling council - admitted in February that the 2021 coup, in which army leaders overthrew civilian authorities, was a "mistake". In a post-colonial Algeria, subscribing to this view was a necessity. For instance, in 1966, Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser sent thousands of teachers to support Algeria in the Arabization of its educational system. In 2017-18, Russia had weapons deals with Angola, Nigeria, Sudan, Mali, Burkina Faso and Equatorial Guinea. The Institute of Applied Geopolitical Studies in France described the relations between Algeria and Russia as "long, historical and strategic between two powers, each keen on its way and methods to reform". The strategic rapprochement between Russia and Algeria has risen during Vladimir Putins tenure, in particular after Abdelmadjid Tebboune came to power in Algeria. July 9, 2009 Medvedev "crop" of the meeting of Heads of State and Government of the "Group of Eight" in L'Aquila, Italy adopted the Algerian premier. In July 2001, President Abdelaziz Bouteflika became the first Algerian President to visit the White House since 1985. The Soviet Union helped establish the state of Israel, but later became disappointed with it and backed Israel's Arab foes and the Palestine Liberation Organization. Indeed, from 1962 to 1989, Algeria spent approximately 11 billion dollars for Soviet weapons: planes (MiG-21, MiG-23 et Su-24), tanks (T-55 et T-72), armored vehicles, several ships (including . For historical reasons, Boumdine eliminated France, then rejected the United States, fearing that his illness would be revealed by the American media. Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 February 1973. Biden team's warnings to Algeria are not working. If you are reading this message your browser has Javascript disabled. 213,333 Algerian tourists visited Turkey in 2017. For instance, its position at the crossroads of the Arab and the sub-Saharan worlds enabled Algeria to create links and unity between these two regions: at Algeria's request, Arab countries supported Angolan and other African revolutions, while African countries endorsed the Palestinian cause. For the first time since former Algerian president Abdelaziz Bouteflikas 2008 trip to Moscow, an Algerian head of state is expected for an official Russian state visit. For example, Algiers supplies 48.8% of the imported gas to Spain, flowing through two pipelines. Both countries are members of the Union for the Mediterranean. Study now. Established inter-parliamentary relations. 1) Secure North Africa, and with it, the road to the Middle East and India. Georgia is accredited to Algeria from its embassy in Madrid, Spain. November 23, 2005 in Algeria during his working visit to the Maghreb countries visited Lavrov. Indeed, Tito saw in Algeria a way to legitimate the possibility of diversity in socialism, rather than the imposed and monolithic Soviet-model. . Since his inauguration in 1999, President Bouteflika has sought to extend Algeria's international influence, traveling extensively throughout the world. Other countries. Algeria publicly condemned the terrorist attacks on the United States and has been strongly supportive of the international war against terrorism. The Algerian government, pursuing the dynamics that had started during the Algerian War for Independence and into the Cold War used the country's strategic geopolitical position at the crossroads of Europe, Sub-Saharan Africa and the Arabian world to assert its own interests. The USSR, on the contrary, was able to deliver military equipment, industrial expertise, and trade outputs: the Soviets replaced France as the first destination for Algerian wine, and provided 200,000 tons of wheat when a drought hit the country in 1966. In terms . Iran is reportedly supplying arms to the Polisario Front for use against Morocco. Now, more than 14 years later, the same Putin has now invited Bouteflikas successor to visit him in Moscow. Once again, the support Algeria received from the Soviet bloc was not exclusive to that of the Western bloc. Algeria and Russia kicked off a four-day joint military exercise in the Mediterranean Sea, the Algerian Defense Ministry said Wednesday. Russia has been one of Venezuela's closest allies since 2006, when President Hugo Chavez, a socialist strongman and fierce critic of the United States, signed a $2.9 billion arms deal in . This page was last edited on 17 February 2023, at 10:17. + ' ' + d.getFullYear() + ''); The allies of Algeria are Iran, Syria, North Korea, Belarus, and Russia. For amanzi [water]? he asks, evidently indignant. In fact, the current Minister of Foreign Affairs, Ramtane Lamamra, undertook his first diplomatic internship in Moscow during the Cold War era. This is a tough one. It will go alongside a long list of other items, from security to fixing the collapsing currency, rebuilding trust in elections and fixing abysmal electricity provision. Not all U.S. presidents are missed once they leave the White House. This relationship was mutually beneficial: Algeria received Argentinian training guerrilleros, a delegation of the Venezuelan National Liberation Front, and even sent armaments to the latter (in an Algerian ship, as to avoid American control) at Cuba's request. After Nassers death in 1970, Boumediene increasingly represented the political project of Pan-Arabism; and in 1973, Algeria played a major role in the organization of the war against Israel, as well as calling for oil to be used as a weapon in the OPEC. Even as the international community, led by the United States, continues to condemn Putin and the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Algeria cautiously refuses to take a stand. United Kingdom has an embassy in Algiers. Given my recent visit to Morocco, I wanted to look more closely at the double game that Algeria is playing, and the threat it could pose to American, European and Israeli interests. Russia has been a historical partner for Algeria and a key weapons supplier. (2015) "Beyond Continents, Colours, and the Cold War: Yugoslavia, Algeria, and the Struggle for Non-Alignment" The International History Review, 37:5, [6], The Algerian embassy is located in Moscow.[8]. With the war in Ukraine, NATO and other European allies are, for the moment, in agreement in reversing Russian aggression. Heh, R52? While the official date and main subject matter for President Abdelmadjid Tebbounes visit to Russia remains to be seen, it is almost assured that the war in Ukraine and the potential for new geopolitical, economic partnerships will be a topic for discussion, along with the possibility for new arms deals. 2730 October 2008, Russia adopted the delegation of the National People's Congress PDRA led by its Chairman A.Ziari. (Getty Images), algeria, israel, alliances, russia, iran, terrorist groups, antony blinken, AT&T DirecTV Censorship of Newsmax Continues, See More Here. tunisai Afghanistan and isreel. Ukraine's western allies have warned of "severe costs" for countries helping Russia evade sanctions as concern mounts about China's role in Moscow's war economy and the . That is what we believe will change the continent, and that is what we report on. Algeria Is Increasingly Aligned With Russia, Spanish Minister Says, FILE PHOTO: Spanish Economy Minister Nadia Calvino arrives at a Eurozone finance ministers meeting in Brussels, Belgium March 14, 2022. Algeria is one of Russias most important military allies on the African continent and also one of the largest regional customers for its weapons. Between 2016 and 2020 Moscow sold Algiers $4.2 billion in arms, equivalent to nearly 15% of Russia's total weapons exports for that period. In the 1960s and 1970s, Algeria was noted for its support of Third World policies and independence movements. Wiki User. [26] In December 1999 Algeria and Cyprus signed an air transport agreement to introduce a legal framework governing air routes between Algeria and Cyprus. This strong relation with other Arab countries, notably with Egypt, was reinforced after Boumedienes seizure of power. By strengthening its relationship with Algeria, Russia could be able to persuade Algiers to weaponize its gas supplies, as it has in the past, and wreak further havoc on the European energy grid and natural gas prices. "I believe that the efforts to contribute to the instauration of peace and sustainable development, on which Algeria and the Russian Federation are associated, in the respect of the sovereignty of States, is fully compatible with consolidated and historic principles on which close relations of bilateral cooperation have developed, based on reciprocal confidence and on the common interests of the two countries", he added.For his part, Patrushev stressed the "depth of historic relations uniting Algeria and Russia", praising the "central role of Algeria and the great efforts to bring peace and stability in the region".The Russian official's visit comes a few days after the Algerian presidency announced the visit of President Abdelmadjid Tebboune to Russia in May. [39], Algeria and Russia have had a strong military cooperation since the Algerian independence, as Algiers turned towards the USSR for purchasing armaments. Algeria and France share a cultural background that transcends diplomatic maneuvers and has persisted throughout periods of "disenchantment" and strained relations. Pakistan was the first country to recognize the "Provisional Government of the Republic of Algeria" in exile on 19 September 1958 and facilitating the opening of an official mission in Karachi (Pakistan), even before Algeria's independence was formally declared. The USSR committed itself to provide assistance in reconstructing and building industrial plants, agricultural development, geological exploration, personnel training, etc. [1] In 1987 the departure from power in Tunisia of President Habib Bourguiba and his replacement by the more diplomatic Zine el Abidine Ben Ali brought the two nations closer again.[1]. [38], Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 September 2007. If Algiers is a Moscow ally, this is best-seen in the military field. Moscow is merely hoping to increase. UN involvement in the Western Sahara includes MINURSO, a peacekeeping force, and UNHCR, for refugee assistance and resettlement. Skip to content. Algeria's long-standing defense ties with Moscow offer a template for what U.S. officials fear will become more the norm across Africa, as Russia pours weapons, mercenaries and money into. In mid-2001, President Abdelaziz Bouteflika was Algeria's first head of state to visit Washington in 15 years.

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