characteristics of ethiopian agriculture

For the later two Regions, estimated numbers vary greatly between conventional and aerial censuses, but total less than 15% of the non-nomadic Regions. These soils are found in both the northern and the southern highlands in areas with poor drainage. To achieve this, the GOE seeks to leverage on developing huge unutilized arable land, modernizing production systems, and improving uptake of technology. Agriculture. The GOE encourages investments in meat processing, especially those that are focused on exporting value-added products abroad. Abstract and Figures. The anticipated growth in these subsectors could open niche opportunities for sales of U.S. grain and oilseed commodities in the future, as well as processing and storage equipment, such as feed mills and soybean extruders. Agriculture as a producer of positive externalities and public goods 2 2.4. Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season) 2020/21 (2013 E.C.) See, for example, Central Statistical Authority of Ethiopia, "National Statistical Abstract. The highest concentration of poultry is in Shewa, in central Wollo, and in northwestern Tigray. Because of low rainfall, these soils have limited agricultural potential, except in some areas where rainfall is sufficient for the growth of natural forage at certain times of the year. Following their rise to power, on March 4, 1975, the Derg proclaimed their land reform program. According to CSA (2015) report, cereals . Please see below for the market overview and trade data. The GOE has an ambitious plan to attain wheat self-sufficiency and halt importations. U.S. Department of Commerce By 1990 the state had begun to develop large poultry farms, mostly around Addis Ababa, to supply hotels and government institutions. The first, found in areas with relatively good drainage, consists of red-to-reddish-brown clayey loams that hold moisture and are well endowed with needed minerals, with the exception of phosphorus. During the 1970s, coffee exports accounted for 50-60% of the total value of all exports, although coffee's share dropped to 25% as a result of the economic dislocation following the 1974 revolution. [7], The effect of the Derg's land reform program on food production and its marketing and distribution policies were among two of the major controversies surrounding the revolution. There also was concern that villagization could have a negative impact on fragile local resources, accelerate the spread of communicable diseases, and increase problems with plant pests and diseases. In fact, over 50% of the daily caloric intake of an average household is from wheat, sorghum, and corn. Includes a market overview and trade data. Over 60% of Ethiopian coffee is produced as forest coffee . Kassaye Tolassa . Private . There are opportunities to process livestock products for both local and export markets. Source: Source: USDA/Foreign Agriculture Service, Addis Ababa, Total Market Size = (Total Local Production + Total Imports) (Total Exports). During this period, markets were major actors of economic activity and various positive measures, which encouraged . [7] Despite government efforts, farmers responded less than enthusiastically. Brighter Green, 2. Section D. This article examines the characteristics of and choice among two production technologies in Ethiopian agriculture, one with fertilizer and the other without, using 1989-90 farm-level data. Ethiopia's major industries include agriculture, construction, manufacturing, resources and . Some of the land targeted for commercial development is considered marginal, prone to conflict, and/or has limited access to water. Grain yields are relatively low due to the countrys rugged topography, poor land management, small-scale landholdings, irregular rainfall, limited mechanization, and insufficient supplies of fertilizer and improved seed. [7], Wheat stem rust threatens the Ethiopian harvest every year and recently that especially means Ug99. As with many equatorial countries, the sun dictates time in Ethiopia. Develop a legal framework for agriculture-specific financial services such as micro-lending, crop insurance and forward contracts. This modest increase, however, was not enough to offset a general decrease in GDP during the same period. Agriculture accounts for most of (30-42%)t of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the country. The main objective of this review is to indicate the policy gaps in terms of access . The MPP included credit for the purchase of items such as fertilizers, improved seeds, and pesticides; innovative extension services; the establishment of cooperatives; and the provision of infrastructure, mainly water supply and all-weather roads. The Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has identified key priority intervention areas to increase productivity of smallholder farms and expand large-scale commercial farms. In addition, the rugged topography of the highlands, the brief but extremely heavy rainfalls that characterize many areas, and centuries-old farming practices that do not include conservation measures have accelerated soil erosion in much of Ethiopia's highland areas. Agriculture is the country's most promising resource management. Per capita meat consumption was high by developing countries' standards, an estimated thirteen kilograms annually. For the foreseeable future, the demand for cotton is expected to outstrip local supplies, making imports necessary. Recently, the GOE has permitted imports of basic food commodities using franco-valuta scheme to narrow supply and demand gap and reduce rising inflation in the country. Ethiopia is also Africa's second biggest maize producer. Skip to Article Content; Skip to Article Information; Search within. Foreign Direct Investment Attraction Events, Services for U.S. Companies New to Exporting, Services for U.S. Companies Currently Exporting, Leading Sectors for US Exports & Investments, Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Licensing Requirements for Professional Services, Improve income and livelihood options for farming and pastoral communities through increased productivity and competitiveness, Raise export of agricultural output and substitute imports, Make agriculture a viable and profitable enterprise through value addition, Enhance livestock health access and quality, Preserve animal genetic resources and increase pastoral research, Improve the development of animal feed and access to markets, Develop livestock specific extension package for each livestock type. A major subsistence crop, barley is used as food and in the production of tella, a locally produced beer. Ethiopia's economy is based on agriculture, which accounts for 46% of GDP and 85% of total employment. More details on the latest grain and oilseeds situation in Ethiopia can be found in our Grain & Feed and our Oilseeds Reports. Recurring drought takes a heavy toll on the animal population, although it is difficult to determine the extent of losses. Barley is grown mostly between 2,000 and 3,500 meters. To show other various factors (political, policy, cultural, religious, affected crop production and productivity in Ethiopia. Almost all farming tools in Ethiopia are traditional and made from different types of wood. In the 1980s, as part of an effort to increase production and to improve the cultivation and harvesting of coffee, the government created the Ministry of Coffee and Tea Development (now the ECTA), which was responsible for production and marketing. Additionally, camels provide pastoralists in those areas with milk and meat. In fact, the soybean crushing and soybean oil refining industry is quickly emerging. The vision of the CSA is to be a center of excellence in . A 1979 study showed that around Addis Ababa individual holdings ranged from 1.0 to 1.6 hectares and that about 48 percent of the parcels were less than one-fourth of a hectare in size. Agriculture is the backbone of the economy of the country as the following facts indicate. One way the government is hoping to improve cotton yields is with Genetically Engineered (GE) cotton. Top 3 Exported Goods (2021): Coffee & Spices, Vegetables, and Oil Seeds. Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey Wave1, 2011-2012. In the dry lowlands, persistent winds also contribute to soil erosion. Brighter Green, 6. The opportunities and constraints facing Ethiopian agriculture are strongly influenced by conditions which vary across geographical space. Some informal trade is most likely occurring in production areas located along borders. The Blue Nile from Ethiopia originating form Lake Tana and the White Nile that originated form Lake Victoria merge into the Great Nile River at Khartoum, the Sudan capital to form the longest river of the world draining to the Mediterranean Sea.The Blue Nile Falls is one . To evaluate the genetic diversity of Ethiopian potato cultivars, and to assess their relationship with germplasm from North America, Europe and the International Potato Center (CIP), 8303 SNP markers were used to characterize 44 local Ethiopian cultivars, as well as . As many as 4.6 million people need food assistance annually and agriculture in Ethiopia is the foundation of the country's economy, accounting for half of the gross domestic product (GDP). Under the current administration, the GOE has renewed its emphasis to develop the agriculture sector, ensure food security, and achieve import substition. Ethiopia is home to one of the largest livestock populations in Africa. The beneficial climate in the Highlands of Ethiopia also enabled irrigation and other advanced agricultural technology. By 1976 coffee exports had recovered, and in the five years ending in 198889, 44% of the coffee grown was exported, accounting for about 63% of the value of exports. [17], Ethiopia's flower industry has become a new source for export revenue. The country, therefore, is expected to import wheat and soybeans in the coming years. Please see below for the market overview and trade data. Furthermore, the GOE vowed to begin exporting wheat to neibhouring countries by 2023 by tapping into the huge production potential due to its various favorable agro-ecologies and through expansion of wheat production area under irrigation to achieve self-sufficiency and reduce wheat imports. processed food, beverages, and livestock products meat, milk, and eggs), as well as the textile/apparel and leather industries. In this regard, Ethiopia is looking to expand development efforts to fight land degradation and to reduce pollution; reduce Green House Gas (GHG) emissions; increase forest protection and development; increase production of electricity from renewable sources for domestic use and for export; and focus on modern and energy saving technologies. Agriculture. Investments in cotton production, as well as any other agricultural commodity, require considerable due diligence because of a variety of complicated issues, including landownership rights and the potential for conflict. Causes and Characteristics of Drought in Ethiopia. With 22% of children aged 5 to 14 working in the informal sector, the Department reported that "government efforts to address child labor have not sufficiently targeted sectors with a high incidence of child labor",[28] and cattle herding still figures among the goods listed in the DOL's List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor published in December 2014. [7], Ethiopia's coffee is almost exclusively of the arabica type, which grows best at altitudes between 1,000 and 2,000 meters. Ethiopia's agricultural sector has developed favourably over the past decade, but rapid population growth, limited access to fertile land, and volatile agricultural outcomes pose problems for the . In order to reduce the severity of this problem, several agricultural development strategies have been implemented since the 1960's. [7], Although the issue of land reform was not addressed until the Ethiopian Revolution in 1974, the government had tried to introduce programs to improve the condition of farmers. In the coming decades, ensuring food security is one of the greatest challenges in Ethiopia. Excluding the Afar and Somali Regions, there were approximately 47.5 million cattle, 26.1 million sheep, 21.7 million goats, 2.1 million horses and mules, 5.6 million donkeys, 1 million camels, and 39.6 million poultry. During 1983-84 the Ministry of Agriculture used "food for work" projects to raise 65 million tree seedlings, plant 18,000 hectares of land, and terrace 9,500 hectares of land. Title. [19][20], Sorghum, millet, and corn are cultivated mostly in warmer areas at lower altitudes along the country's western, southwestern, and eastern peripheries. However, the expected level was not achieved. The importance of smallholder farming is increasingly recognized in rural areas where increased crop productivity and market participation can effectively improve their dietary diversity and nutrition quality. Food as a most essential good 3 2.5. The market is segmented by type into food crops, fruits, and vegetables. [15], About 98 percent of the coffee was produced by peasants on smallholdings of less than a hectare, and the remaining 2 percent was produced by state farms. A couple of U.S. investors have also entered the market. The Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) is the Ethiopian government ministry which oversees the agricultural and rural development policies of Ethiopia on a Federal level. The government nationalized rural land without compensation, abolished tenancy, forbade the hiring of wage labor on private farms, ordered all commercial farms to remain under state control, and granted each peasant family so-called "possessing rights" to a plot of land not to exceed ten hectares. But with proper drainage and conditioning, these soils have excellent agricultural potential. Pulses were a particularly important export item before the revolution. [7], President Mengistu's 1990 decision to allow free movement of goods, to lift price controls, and to provide farmers with security of tenure was designed to reverse the decline in Ethiopia's agricultural sector. While by 1988 a total of 3600 Service Cooperatives were serving 4.4 million households and almost 4000 Producer cooperatives comprising 302,600 households had been founded, in that year they represented only 5.5% of national cereal production. Production is overwhelmingly of a subsistence nature, and a large part of commodity exports are provided by the small agricultural cash-crop sector. Most Ethiopians practice mixed agricultural activity which represents about 33.88 . The clearing of land for agricultural use and the cutting of trees for fuel gradually changed the scene, and today forest areas have dwindled to less than 4% of Ethiopia's total land. Between 1976 and 1985, the government constructed 600,000 kilometers of agricultural embankments on cultivated land and 470,000 kilometers of hillside terraces, and it closed 80,000 hectares of steep slopes for regeneration. APDF readeris available from Adobe Systems Incorporated. First, the recurring droughts had devastated the country's main areas where pulses and oilseeds were grown. Production jumped from 43,500 tons in 197475 to 74,900 tons in 198485. In 20062007 (the latest year available), exports of chat accounted for 25% of export earnings (or 8oo million Birr). Ethiopias cotton production is insufficient to meet the growing demand from the textile and apparel sector. The MOA is supporting the development of the countrys livestock sector, which is one of the largest in Africa. The program, designed for rural development, was first introduced in a project called the Chilalo Agricultural Development Union. Ethiopia has an extremely diverse topography, climate, culture, population distribution and market access. Oilseeds of lesser significance include castor beans, rapeseed, peanuts, and safflower and sunflower seeds. For northwest and central Ethiopia, fertilizer usage determinants are estimated simultaneously with technology-specific production functions. The plough shaft, beam and ploughshare are made of wood and the sickle, pick axe, plow are made of metal. As reviewed from different literatures household demographic characteristics, household resource endowments, social, cultural, infrastructural, institutional and economic factors influence the . The GOE, as part of its Livestock Master Plan (LMP), intends to transform this sector and increase production and exports of meat in order to generate foreign exchange. Wubne, Mulatu. Ethiopia one of the fastest-growing economies in the continent. Private companies are allowed to import food commodities including wheat, rice, sugar, powder milk, and cooking oils. The country intends to be a middle-income economy by 2025. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS Land tenure rights as well as natural disasters, such as floods, hamper the countrys ability to quickly expand cotton production. State farms sold their output to the AMC. Soil acidity is one of the most important environmental threats to the Ethiopian highlands where the livelihood of the majority of people is reliant on agriculture. Agriculture in Ethiopia. Grain consumption, especially for wheat and wheat-based products like bread and pasta, continues to climb as incomes rise and more people move to urban centers. It then continues in summarising the main specific characteristics of agriculture: The land use function, the supply and demand characteristics, the contribution of the agricultural sector to the provision of positive externalities and public goods, food as a unique and most essential good and agriculture as a key element for the development of . [7], The plains and low foothills west of the highlands have sandy and gray-to-black clay soils. Export sales of U.S. cotton are expected as demand increases. Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey Wave2, 2013-2014. These three grains constitute the staple foods of a good part of the population and are major items in the diet of the nomads. Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey Wave3, 2015-2016. The process meant not only smaller farms but also the fragmentation of holdings, which were often scattered into small plots to give families land of comparable quality. Grain imports are almost exclusively limited to wheat, nearly all of which the GOEs state-trading arm (i.e., Ethiopian Trading Business Corporation) purchases off the international market and later distributes in the local market at a subsidized price. Livestock and Livestock Characteristics (Private Peasant Holdings) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) The pilot areas selected for establishment of the Agro-Industrial Parks are mainly based on the potential of existing agricultural resources and allied sectors, infrastructure, and facilities. Ethiopia is endowed with abundant agricultural resources and has diverse agro-ecological zones. Growing demand for water supply and drainage systems, pumps, and drilling equipment is expected. Land use function 2 2.2. [7], In 1984 the founding congress of the Workers' Party of Ethiopia (WPE) emphasized the need for a coordinated strategy based on socialist principles to accelerate agricultural development. juice processing, milling machines, extruders for soybean oil). To promote commercial-scale farming, the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) created the Ethiopian Agricultural Land and Investment Administration Agency dedicated to overseeing any new large-scale commercial farm deals. Almost the entire rural population was involved in some way with animal husbandry, whose role included the provision of draft power, food, cash, transportation, fuel, and, especially in pastoral areas, social prestige. Another study, of Dejen awraja (subregion) in Gojjam, found that land fragmentation had been exacerbated since the revolution. [7], Inaccessibility, water shortages, and infestations of disease-causing insects, mainly mosquitoes, prevented the use of large parcels of potentially productive land. The problem became so serious that Mengistu lashed out against the peasantry on the occasion of the fourth anniversary of military rule in September 1978. Jorge Morales Pedraza. The two dominant agricultural systems in Ethiopia are the mixed agriculture of the highlands, where both crops and livestock production are integrated, and pastoralism in the lowlands. Agricultural products account for . These programs should also result in Ethiopia getting to middle income status by 2025. Peasant associations often were periodically compelled to redistribute land to accommodate young families or new households moving into their area. Section D. [7], Soil erosion has been one of the country's major problems. The reforms success in supporting Ethiopias economic growth in part depends on the development of the agro-processing sector (e.g. Thus, this study aimed at investigating the physiographic characteristics of agricultural lands, farmers . Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season) 2020/21 (2013 E.C.) For this reason, some environmental experts maintain that large-scale conservation work in Ethiopia has been ineffective. Ethiopia's development plan has laid out enhancing agricultural production and productivity as one of the . Agriculture is one of the best prospect sectors for growth in Ethiopia. Cookies on OCLC websites. [23], Ethiopia has great potential for increased livestock production, both for local use and for export. The program later facilitated the establishment of similar internationally supported and financed projects at Ada'a Chukala (just south of Addis Ababa), Welamo, and Humera. Practically all animals are range-fed. J. About 70 percent of the cattle in 1987 were in the highlands (commonly involved in transhumance),[26] and the remaining 30 percent were kept by nomadic pastoralists in the lowland areas. Flaxseed, also indigenous, is cultivated in the same general area as Niger seed. The combined pressure of crop and livestock production and the ever-increasing human f AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS IN ETHIOPIA 285 population on the land in this farming system is high. [8], During the imperial period, the development of the agricultural sector was retarded by a number of factors, including tenancy and land reform problems, the government's neglect of the agricultural sector (agriculture received less than 2 percent of budget allocations even though the vast majority of the population depended on agriculture), low productivity, and lack of technological development. For example, during the pre-reform period, sixty-one out of 200 farmer respondents owned three or four parcels of land; after the reform, the corresponding number was 135 farmers. However, despite substantial investments and subsidies, State Farms provided only 4.2% of the cereal production in 198889. in addition to these cereals, they produce different types of fruits and coffee which are not seasonal. Beef exports are also growing, with additional market opportunities on the horizon. Agro-processing equipment (e.g. Area, Production and Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Belg Season) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) Amare Getahun's (1978) paper on agricultural systems in Ethiopia is one of the few attempts to classify agricultural systems in Ethiopia into (a) the highland mixed farming system, (b) low plateaux and valley mixed agriculture, (c) pastoral livestock production of the arid and semi-arid zones and (d) commercial agriculture, and to describe the main characteristics of each system. It began with the domestication of crops and animals. This article is the second in a series that seek to examine the role of agriculture as a developmental opportunity for Africa. the agriculture sector in Ethiopia relies to a greater extent on availability of suitable land, moisture, climatic . During the rainy seasons, water and grass are generally plentiful, but with the onset of the dry season, forage is generally insufficient to keep animals nourished and able to resist disease. There was much debate as to whether or not these reforms were genuine and how effectively they could be implemented. Tenant farmers in southern Ethiopia, where the average tenancy was as high as 55% and rural elites exploited farmers, welcomed the land reform. It is roughly 7 and a half years behind the Gregorian calendar. Background and Objective: Detailed characterization of bio-physical resources in agricultural landscapes and documenting locally used soil fertility management practices is required for developing site-specific management scenarios in the study area. Despite the emphasis on state farms, state farm production accounted for only 6% of total agricultural output in 1987 (although meeting 65% of urban needs), leaving peasant farmers responsible for over 90% of production. [7] Multinational agribusinesses supply these industrial poultry farms with high yielding breeds, such as Rhode Island Reds and White Leghorns. [5] Ethiopia's livestock population is believed to be the largest in Africa, and in 20062007 livestock accounted for 10.6% of Ethiopia's export income, with leather and leather products making up 7.5% and live animals 3.1%. Mia MacDonald and Justine Simon (2010) Climate, Food Security, & Growth: Ethiopia's Complex Relationship with Livestock. The ten-year plan called for an increase in the size of state farms producing coffee from 14,000 to 15,000 hectares to 50,000 hectares by 1994. NEED FOR A SPECIFIC TREATMENT OF AGRICULTURE . Our web pages use cookiesinformation about how you interact with the site. Fresh fruits, including citrus and bananas, as well as fresh and frozen vegetables, became important export items, but their profitability was marginal. This site contains PDF documents. Where the topography permits, they are suitable for farming. This growth is expected to create investment and trade opportunities for certain commodities and open doors for veterinary and other livestock services. As the economy grows and the population expands, consumer demand for certain types of foods is expected to increase. In fact, Ethiopia recently started importing chicken meat from Ukraine and Brazil. [7], Most agricultural producers are subsistence farmers with small holdings, often broken into several plots. Crop and Livestock Product Utilization (Private Peasant Holdings . According to Infomineo (2016), the key agricultural sectors in Ethiopia are the following: Coffee & tea; Ethiopia has a great potential for coffee production, thanks to the country's abundant rainfall, optimum temperatures, conducive altitude, and fertile soil. Lithosols, Cambisols, Nitosols, Vertisols, Xerosols, Solonchaks, Fluvisols and Luvisols cover more than 80% of the country, and are the most important soils. [7], Cattle in Ethiopia are almost entirely of the zebu type and are poor sources of milk and meat. The contribution of agriculture to growth in the manufacturing and services sectors was not significant between 1978 and 1998. Despite the Derg's efforts to reassure farmers that land reform would not affect them negatively, northerners remained suspicious of the new government's intentions. In view of this, a study was conducted to characterize the landscape features and related biophysical settings and to identify the local soil . The objective of the LSMS-ISA is to collect multi-topic panel household level data with a special focus on improving agriculture statistics and the link between . According to the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), Ethiopia's GDP growth rate will increase by around 7.8% to 10% by 2023. The principal grains are teff, wheat, barley, corn, sorghum, and millet. [21] It is estimated to number over 150 million in 20072008. "Agriculture" (and subsections). The agriculture sector is projected to grow at 6.2% per annum over the next ten years. [10], Until the 1974 revolution, Ethiopia had a complex land tenure system, which some have described as feudal. Role Agriculture in Ethiopian economy. Since the revolution, most commercial cotton has been grown on irrigated state farms, mostly in the Awash Valley area. (2013). Peasant associations used 361 nurseries to plant 11,000 hectares of land in community forest. There is considerable room for investment when considering that about 95 percent of Ethiopias crop production is rain fed.

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